Avni Chag, The Relic in the Glass Cabinet

Avni Chag, The Relic in the Glass Cabinet: A History of the Śikṣāpatrī with New Translation and Notes, AAR's Religion in Translation series, Oxford University Press, 2026.

The publisher's blurb notes that this new book "Offers an original perspective on the ritualization and institutionalization of texts as relics, and how such materialities shape perceptions of authority

"The Shikshapatri (1826) is a scripture presented as a letter to devotees from Swaminarayan (1781-1830), the founder and principal deity of the eponymous Swaminarayan tradition. Designated by millions as a revelatory scripture down to the belief of its divine authorship, the text is treated as a succinct and authoritative index of Swaminarayan beliefs and practices. Early manuscripts of the text are so cherished that some, like the one enclosed in a glass cabinet in the Oxford Bodleian libraries, are treated as relics. ...

"The Relic in the Glass Cabinet submits the text's authorship, intent, and historical development to critical scrutiny. Based on a comparative study of two Shikshapatri recensions, Chag demonstrates that the text did not originally align with the specific Vaisnava theological identity it now claims. Instead, doctrinal commitments were added after Swaminarayan's passing, fundamentally reshaping how the text, its author, and his tradition have been understood.

"The Relic in the Glass Cabinet ... tells an untold story of the complex histories of textual production, exploring the interplay between historically contingent circumstances and inherited, albeit negotiated, religious ideas and practices, all at the formative moment of a tradition's inception in early nineteenth-century western India, present day Gujarat." 

Family libraries and bookbinders in Harar, Ethiopia

This blog has discussed many times the role of private family book collections in preserving the cultural heritage of Timbuktu (see here, here, here, here, and here) and also in Haiti (see here). 

Now we can add another example: Al Jazeera has profiled the work of a bookbinder and collector in Harar, which is now in Christian Ethiopia but was capital of a separate Muslim sultanate until the late nineteenth century. 

After years of painstaking searches going from household to household, [Abdallah Ali Sherif] collected enough items to open Ethiopia’s first private museum, Abdallah Sherif Museum, 14 years ago in the hope of reconnecting Harar’s people with their history. The collection of hundreds of old manuscripts has become a particular passion.

“Each book I find, it feels like I am peeking through a window into a beautiful and rich culture that was almost forgotten,” he says.

To preserve these manuscripts, Sherif has also revitalised the ancient tradition of bookbinding. By tracing the last Hararis with knowledge of this art form, he has brought a once-extinct practice back to life. 

The production of manuscripts – as a way of sharing and safeguarding religious knowledge – was an important aspect of Harar’s culture, says Nuraddin Aman, an assistant professor of philology at Addis Ababa University.

Manuscript making is believed to have emerged in the city in the 13th century ... Some Qurans found in Harar use a unique cursive calligraphic script said to have been developed in India’s northern Bihar region at about the 14th century and rarely seen outside India.

Manuscript makers developed their own style that merged local creativity and outside influences.

Within families, manuscripts were considered sacred heirlooms passed down through generations. Each Harari house had at least two or three manuscripts – often, the Quran, Hadiths, or other religious texts. ... Harar also grew into a centre for bookbinding with artisans making leather covers to protect manuscripts, and people travelling to the city to learn the craft.

Displaying the Modena Bible in the Italian Senate

 
The Vatican displayed the Borso D'Este Bible, also know as the Modena Bible, in the Italian Senate to celebrate 2025 as a Jubilee Year. This elaborated illuminated 15th-century manuscript in two volumes is, according to Euro News (click for pics), "considered one of the most spectacular examples of Renaissance illuminated manuscripts and said to be one of the most expensive books of its time." As is typical of such news stories, it emphasizes this bible's origins and also the extensive security measures taken to protect it during its display--stories that emphasize the expense and prestige of this iconic book. Its display by the Roman Catholic Church in the Italian Senate serves to bolster the legitimacy of both institutions, which is a core function of icon books and, especially, of relic texts like this.

 

 

Rising Bible sales figures

 

Reports that church attendance is rising have been retracted because of research mistakes. But rising sales figures for bibles are based in publishing industry statistics and probably have more basis. The Guardian reported in January 2026 that 

Sales of the good book reached a record high in the UK in 2025, increasing by 134% since 2019 – the highest since records began – according to industry research. Last year, total sales of Bibles in the UK reached £6.3m, £3.61m up on 2019 sales. 

Publishers Weekly noted the same trend in the United States:

Last year, Bible sales—which have been on the rise since 2021—hit record highs in the U.S. and the UK, according to statistics drawn from Circana BookScan. ...  Brenna Connor, Circana director and industry analyst for U.S., said that "2025 marked a 21-year high for Bible sales in the U.S.," with 19 million units sold. That figure, she noted, is up 12% compared to 2024 and double the number of units sold in 2019. 

The news stories credit increased bible sales to growing interest in spiritual subjects in the aftermath of COVID and current political and economic anxieties. Christian book sellers point to new readers buying a bible for the first time. These news stories therefore bolster the idea of a Christian revival. But most bibles are bought by people who already own multiple copies. 

See my 19-year-old post: Bible sales & media messages. 

Iconic copies of Qur'an used in NY governor's inauguration

 

The New York Times devoted an advance article to the iconic scriptures used in today's NY mayor's inauguration: "Mamdani Is First New York Mayor to Use the Quran at His Swearing-In." Zoran Mamdani used three different copies in two ceremonies: "One of the Qurans was from Mr. Mamdani’s grandfather. The other once belonged to Arturo Schomburg, the Black writer and historian. It was lent to the mayor by the New York Public Library." The third was one owned by Mamdani's grandmother. Schomburg's Qur'an was carefully chosen: "Showcasing the Quran that belonged to Mr. Schomburg, an Afro-Latino writer whose work shaped the Harlem Renaissance, underlines the city’s blend of faiths and racial and ethnic backgrounds."

Though using a Qur'an is a first for New York city, Mamdani was following the lead of many Muslim office holders in the U.S., including in Congress, as well as abroad as this blog has noted before. The thought put in to the selection of scriptures shows that politicians have proven much more adept at consciously manipulating the iconic dimension of scriptures than scholars, who have been slow to recognize, much less understand how the ritualizing scriptures in this way bestows legitimacy on those who hold them and on the religious communities that venerate them. For more examples, click the label OATHS at left. For the effects of ritualizing the iconic dimension, see my How and Why Books Matter, chapters 1-2.

The Accessorized Bible, by David Dault

 

David Dault has published The Accessorized Bible (Yale University Press, 2026). The book charts Dault's intellectual journey with bibles that has included long involvement with Scriptural Reasoning and with SCRIPT, which he now serves as President. The book pleas with readers to approach the bible from a stance of moral seriousness by misreading bibles for the sake of a life-giving, catastrophic love. Highly recommended!

 

Dropping a Torah

 

The Times of Israel reports on the visceral reactions of congregants to accidentally dropping Torah scrolls on the floor in two New York synagogues. They also detail the rabbis efforts at ritual rectification, including recommending that the congregants fast and give extra to charity.

These stories show again how ritualizing the iconic dimension of a scripture resonates particularly with lay people who feel that religious legitimacy is at stake (see How and Why Books Matter 15-23, 31-70, 83-98). They also illustrate how the ritual rules for iconic texts that are promulgated by leaders are usually generated in response to lay people's anxiety and questions (thus creating the genre of responsa).

Bibles as Foundation Deposits, Again

 

In 2007, I posted current news stories about placing bibles in the foundations of homes which I compared to ancient Middle Eastern foundation deposits. The practice continues: now someone has put video of doing this on Instagram. 

The contractors I described in 2007 placed bibles in the cement foundation where the owners wish, usually under bedroom (see the video still on their website). The Instagram video shows it being placed under cement in the driveway--a choice that I find harder to understand ...

The Ten Commandments and Christian Nationalism

My first essay about iconic texts was prompted by Judge Roy Moore's installation of a monumental Ten Commandments in the Alabama State Court House in 2001 (original in 2004 here; revised and expanded in 2019 here). I argued that the controversies over Decalogue monuments in courthouses involved competition between religious and national iconic texts--the Ten Commandments versus the U.S. Constitution--for iconic supremacy in the USA.

Twenty years later, more Republican politicians are championing display of the Ten Commandments, this time in schools. The Louisiana legislature passed a bill requiring their display in every public classroom in the state. A similar bill is pending in Texas. Meanwhile, Oklahoma's Superintendent of Schools has directed every public school to teach the Ten Commandments and other parts of the Bible.

In many ways, the goal remains the same, namely to show that "the nation was founded specifically to be a Christian nation" (NY Times 6/27/24). Placing the Ten Commandments and bibles in classrooms legitimizes Christian nationalist claims by ritualizing the scripture's material form, its iconic dimension, through its display. Ritualizing a text's iconic dimension produces a sense of legitimation (for this argument, see here or here; updated here). 

Schools are also the focus of another right-wing crusade: the effort to ban certain books from public and school libraries. The targeted books advocate diverse racial, ethnic, and gender identities. Conflicts over book banning reveal conservative's fear of the power of such books to inspire their readers to imagine themselves and their community's differently (see here). Fear of this kind of textual inspiration probably grows from experiencing scripture's inspiring effects by ritualizing its expressive dimension. Battles over book bans are therefore conflicts over the canons of American literature and history. The Christian nationalist canon is also advanced by mandates requiring the display of the Ten Commandments in schools. 

Both efforts face strong political and legal opposition, at least at the national level. Another threat lies in the religious divisions obscured by the Ten Commandments displays. The monuments and plaques do not reproduce any biblical text exactly. Their contents abbreviate and standardize the biblical ten commandments to accommodate the different counts and interpretations of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews (see the clear analysis by Marc Zvi Brettler and Jed Wyrick). This fact shows, again, that the goal is not semantic interpretation but rather the legitimizing function of iconic display: America will be branded as Christian by the Ten Commandment's visible presence. The irony is that this exact text does not appear in anybody's Bible.

Four Books on Iconic/Material Books

 

Brad Anderson has highlighted the twenty-first-century academic trend of studying material texts and iconic books. In Reading Religion, he points out four books that illustrate the illuminating results of paying attention to a book's form, appearance, material, symbolism, and ritual use. 

Anderson points readers to two collections that laid the basis for this movement: Iconic Books and Texts (2013) and Kristina Myrvold's The Death of Sacred Texts (2010).

Then he points to two monographs that apply a material books perspective to different traditions: David Stern's The Jewish Bible: A Material History (2017) and Natalia Suit's Qur’anic Matters: Material Meditations and Religious Practice in Egypt (2020). 

Let me add that current research along these lines gets showcased in the programming of The Society for Comparative Research on Iconic and Performative Texts (SCRIPT).

Elvis's Bible auctioned for $120 million

 

A bible that belonged to Elvis Presley sold at auction for $120 million, according to CBN. It contains "a large number of marked pages and passages" that the rock star highlighted personally. 

Elvis's bible is an excellent example of a "relic text," a material book valued for its unique history and form. Its printed text is the same as countless other bibles, but its association with Elvis makes it very valuable. Why? Because, as I wrote in How and Why Books Matter (2019), "relic texts legitimize a story .... People use them to identify with and place themselves in that story. ... Since ritualizing a text's iconic dimension bestows legitimacy, people will go to great lengths and spend large sums of money to own and display a relic text."

Trump's Bible endorsement

 

Donald Trump's manipulation of the Bible is again making news with his endorsement of "The God Bless the USA Bible." He claims that religion and Christianity are under assault from liberals and glosses his famous slogan, "make America great again,'' with "Let's make America pray again." Of course, many critics (e.g. Rev. Al Sharpton) have pointed out that Trump's personal history shows little concern for religion or traditional values.

While president, Trump manipulated a bible to try to rally Evangelical Christians behind him (see Trump's Bible Pose and Responding to Trump's Bible Pose). The "God Bless America" Bible actually seems more in character for Trump, who has a long history of raising money by licensing his name to sell all kinds of merchandise, including gold-colored sneakers. 

Not that bible editions catering to Christian nationalism are a novelty: a major Bible publisher, Thomas Nelson which is owned by Harper Collins, has been selling The American Patriot's Bible since 2009. But this recent news does emphasize, again, the current subservience of American evangelicalism to Trump. 

For a definitive analysis of the social and religious effects of bible marketing, see Timothy Beal's The Rise and Fall of the Bible (Mariner, 2012).

Burning a Quran to Manipulate Europe

 

The BBC reported today that a protestor in Stockholm today publicly burned a Qur'an to protest Sweden's effort to join NATO. The protestor's goal was to reinforce Turkish opposition. That goal was immediately achieved when Turkey responded by angrily cancelling the visit of the Swedish defense minister to Ankara.

Desecrating a scripture or accusing opponents of desecrating a scripture is a common tactic for gaining  political or personal advantage by inflaming public opinion. It is effective because the iconic dimension of a scripture is most easily ritualized by its believers, but can also be ritualized malevolently by anyone who gains access to a copy. My 14-year-old survey of such incidents around the world unfortunately remains relevant for understanding news like this today. See "Desecrating Scripture" at https://surface.syr.edu/.

Bookbinding as a Metaphor for Learning

 

Andrew Wilson advocates the art of bookbinding to teaching religious studies:

Sacred texts are continually being created and recreated, unbound and repackaged, unfurled and gathered up. Bookbinding manifests an applied, even somatic, example of these textual journeys. In a world of e-books and hypertext, one might consider bookbinding a quaint if not archaic practice, but that would overlook it as a very practical way of participating in the text. It involves doing something that actively shapes and changes the text. As the binder works the pages with their hands, the text literally takes on characteristics of changeability, pliability, and plasticity. (Andrew P. Wilson, "Teaching Religion by the Book: Bookbinding as a Metaphor for Learning," on the Blog of the Wabash Center, February 2, 2022)

He goes on to describe how engaging a student in creating books provides the means "to bind her learning journey, her experience, and her identity into a space that was richly layered and uniquely hers."

Dorina Miller Parmenter has long advocated book making and book binding in religious studies pedagogy: see the interview with her, The Religious Book as Object, on this blog.

Owning vs Reading Books

 

Danika Ellis ("Books and Reading Are Two Different Hobbies," BookRiot, Jan 17, 2022) provides an insightful and rare description of how personal interactions with books differentiate between their semantic and iconic dimensions (my language, not hers):

My life is built on a foundation of books. But reading? Mm…I could take it or leave it. 

... Books, though? Books are my favorite hobby. They require nothing from me. I can stare contentedly at them and fantasize about an incredible library. I can design reading futures for myself without flipping a single page. I can participate in the bookish online community even if I’ve been in a reading slump for weeks (or months, or years). Books are always there for me, and being bookish continues to be one of my defining traits.

The popularity of library images

 

 

 Kate Dwyer in the New York Times (Jan 15, 2022) identfies a popular picture of a book-stuffed private library as depicting the library of the late Johns Hopkins professor, Richard Macksey. But her article is mostly about the internet popularity of library images:

The library image sidesteps all those details to evoke something more universal, said Ingrid Fetell Lee, the author of the Aesthetics of Joy, a blog about the relationship between décor and delight. “We’re attracted to the image, and we come up with all sorts of stories about who it might be and what it might be because we love to tell stories,” she said. “But what’s really driving the attraction is much more visceral.”

Ms. Fetell Lee pointed to the photo’s sense of abundance. “There’s something about the sensorial abundance of seeing lots of something that gives us a little thrill,” she said. Also relevant: the “satisfying” sense of organized chaos, and the awe inspired by the high ceilings.

Pictures of books and libraries are popular across social platforms. A representative from Instagram said that some of the top-liked posts on the platform that include the words “library” or “libraries” feature large quantities of books, a “cozy” aesthetic or a warmer color scheme.

15th c. gold book pendant

 

 

The Smithsonian reports that a metal detector turned up a tiny gold pendant in the shape of an open book in a field near York, England. On its leaves are engraved images of Saints Leonard and Margaret, patron saints of childbirth. the pendant dates from the fifteenth century.

Drawn to the Word: The Bible and Graphic Design, by Amanda Dillon

 

 

Drawn to the Word: The Bible and Graphic Design, by Amanda Dillon, has been published by SBL Press (2021), which describes it this way:

A unique study of lectionaries and graphic design as a site of biblical reception

How artists portrayed the Bible in large canvas paintings is frequently the subject of scholarly exploration, yet the presentation of biblical texts in contemporary graphic designs has been largely ignored. In this book Amanda Dillon engages multimodal analysis, a method of semiotic discourse, to explore how visual composition, texture, color, directionality, framing, angle, representations, and interactions produce potential meanings for biblical graphic designs.  Dillon focuses on the artworks of two American graphic designers—the woodcuts designed by Meinrad Craighead for the Roman Catholic Sunday Missal and Nicholas Markell’s illustrations for the worship books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America—to present the merits of multimodal analysis for biblical reception history.

$43.2 million for US Constitution first printing

 

 

Sotheby's auctioned a copy of the US Constitution printed in Philadelphia on Sept. 17, 1787, the last day of the Constitutional Convention. Out of 500 printed, only 13 remain extant. (The manuscript copy signed by the Founders and displayed in the Rotunda of the US National Archives in Washington was penned months later.) The auction price, $43.2 million, was three times higher than Sotheby's estimate. This copy last sold for ... The identity of the winning bidder has not been announced, but the losing bidder was a crowd-funded effort by more than 17,000 people, "many of whom professed their affection for cryptocurrency and the cinematic works of Nicolas Cage, star of National Treasure," according to NPR.

To explain this remarkably high price, commentators refer to the Constitution's iconic status. The Guardian quoted David Brigham, the chief executive of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, saying "this auction and the interest in it reflects something much deeper – the intrinsic value of the US constitution and the fact that it remains the force that binds this nation together. ...  even in a digitised world, being able to see and hold a real document from the time of the Constitutional Convention is a powerful thing.”

Sacred Texts and Digital Cultures

 

A collection of articles about digital iconic texts, edited by Brad Anderson and Amanda Dillon, appears in  Postscripts 21/1 (2021). 

• Introduction: Sacred Texts and Digital Culture, by Amanda Dillon 
• Mapping the (Digital) Terrain: Biblical Texts in Digital Contexts, by Bradford A. Anderson and Amanda Dillon 
• Smartphone Applications and Religious Reading among Swaminarayan Hindus, by Bhakti Mamtora 
• The Bible as my Witness: Digital Bibles, Visual Anonymity, and Performative Iconicity, by Dorina Miller Parmenter 
• Satguru’s Word, Online and Offline Contemporary Representation of the “Universal Brotherhood,”
  by Anna Bochkovskaya     
• Mark’s Ending in the Digital Age: Paratextual Evidence, New Findings and Transcription Challenges, by Mina Monier     
• Facebook and Martin Luther: Media Technology, Accessibility, and Expertise in Three Dimensions, by James W. Watts     
• Sacred Texts and Their Subjects, Now and Then, by Mark K. George 
• Eat, Shit, Scar: Resurrection and the Digital Afterlife of Books and Bodies, by J. Sage Elwell

Exhibit: Visual Music: Calligraphy & Sacred Texts

A wonderful new exhibit of contemporary calligraphy curated by Jonathan Homrighausen at the Luce Center for the Arts and Religion at Wesley Theological Seminary:

  

 https://www.luceartsandreligion.org/visual-music?fbclid=IwAR3x0j69977CmwBWcQXJFQnUaabqbyOTyEh58agK7XVXyDVfpT7kRy4bxps